AustralieFrV1, Main, Exploration, bibRecord, 005234

The landscape of cancer genes and mutational processes in breast cancer

Identifieur interne : 005234 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 005233; suivant : 005235

The landscape of cancer genes and mutational processes in breast cancer

Auteurs : Philip J. Stephens [Royaume-Uni] ; Patrick S. Tarpey [Royaume-Uni] ; Helen Davies [Royaume-Uni] ; Peter Van Loo [Royaume-Uni, Belgique] ; Chris Greenman [Royaume-Uni] ; David C. Wedge [Royaume-Uni] ; Serena Nik-Zainal [Royaume-Uni] ; Sancha Martin [Royaume-Uni] ; Ignacio Varela [Royaume-Uni] ; Graham R. Bignell [Royaume-Uni] ; Lucy R. Yates [Royaume-Uni] ; Elli Papaemmanuil [Royaume-Uni] ; David Beare [Royaume-Uni] ; Adam Butler [Royaume-Uni] ; Angela Cheverton [Royaume-Uni] ; John Gamble [Royaume-Uni] ; Jonathan Hinton [Royaume-Uni] ; Mingming Jia [Royaume-Uni] ; Alagu Jayakumar [Royaume-Uni] ; David Jones [Royaume-Uni] ; Calli Latimer [Royaume-Uni] ; King Wai Lau [Royaume-Uni] ; Stuart Mclaren [Royaume-Uni] ; David J. Mcbride [Royaume-Uni] ; Andrew Menzies [Royaume-Uni] ; Laura Mudie [Royaume-Uni] ; Keiran Raine [Royaume-Uni] ; Roland Rad [Royaume-Uni] ; Michael Spencer Chapman [Royaume-Uni] ; Jon Teague [Royaume-Uni] ; Douglas Easton [Royaume-Uni] ; Anita Langer D [Norvège] ; Ming Ta Michael Lee [République populaire de Chine] ; Chen-Yang Shen [République populaire de Chine] ; Benita Tan Kiat Tee [Singapour] ; Bernice Wong Huimin [Singapour] ; Annegien Broeks [Pays-Bas] ; Ana Cristina Vargas [Australie] ; Gulisa Turashvili [Canada] ; John Martens [Pays-Bas] ; Aquila Fatima [États-Unis] ; Penelope Miron [États-Unis] ; Suet-Feung Chin [Royaume-Uni] ; Gilles Thomas [France] ; Sandrine Boyault [France] ; Odette Mariani [France] ; Sunil R. Lakhani [Australie] ; Marc Van De Vijver [Pays-Bas] ; Laura Van Veer [Pays-Bas] ; John Foekens [Pays-Bas] ; Christine Desmedt [Belgique] ; Christos Sotiriou [Belgique] ; Andrew Tutt [Royaume-Uni] ; Carlos Caldas [Royaume-Uni] ; Jorge S. Reis-Filho [Royaume-Uni] ; Samuel A. J. R. Aparicio [Canada] ; Anne Vincent Salomon [France] ; Anne-Lise B Rresen-Dale [Norvège] ; Andrea L. Richardson [États-Unis] ; Peter J. Campbell [Royaume-Uni] ; P. Andrew Futreal [Royaume-Uni] ; Michael R. Stratton [Royaume-Uni]

Source :

Nature [ 0028-0836 ] ; 2012.

RBID : PMC:3428862

Abstract

All cancers carry somatic mutations in their genomes. A subset, known as driver mutations, confer clonal selective advantage on cancer cells and are causally implicated in oncogenesis¹, and the remainder are passenger mutations. The driver mutations and mutational processes operative in breast cancer have not yet been comprehensively explored. Here we examine the genomes of 100 tumours for somatic copy number changes and mutations in the coding exons of protein-coding genes. The number of somatic mutations varied markedly between individual tumours. We found strong correlations between mutation number, age at which cancer was diagnosed and cancer histological grade, and observed multiple mutational signatures, including one present in about ten per cent of tumours characterized by numerous mutations of cytosine at TpC dinucleotides. Driver mutations were identified in several new cancer genes including AKT2, ARID1B, CASP8, CDKN1B, MAP3K1, MAP3K13, NCOR1, SMARCD1 and TBX3. Among the 100 tumours, we found driver mutations in at least 40 cancer genes and 73 different combinations of mutated cancer genes. The results highlight the substantial genetic diversity underlying this common disease.

Url:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3428862

DOI: 10.1038/nature11017
PubMed: 22722201
PubMed Central: 3428862

Affiliations:

Le document en format XML

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<author><name sortKey="Hinton, Jonathan" sort="Hinton, Jonathan" uniqKey="Hinton J" first="Jonathan" last="Hinton">Jonathan Hinton</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Jayakumar, Alagu" sort="Jayakumar, Alagu" uniqKey="Jayakumar A" first="Alagu" last="Jayakumar">Alagu Jayakumar</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Jones, David" sort="Jones, David" uniqKey="Jones D" first="David" last="Jones">David Jones</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Latimer, Calli" sort="Latimer, Calli" uniqKey="Latimer C" first="Calli" last="Latimer">Calli Latimer</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Lau, King Wai" sort="Lau, King Wai" uniqKey="Lau K" first="King Wai" last="Lau">King Wai Lau</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Mclaren, Stuart" sort="Mclaren, Stuart" uniqKey="Mclaren S" first="Stuart" last="Mclaren">Stuart Mclaren</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Menzies, Andrew" sort="Menzies, Andrew" uniqKey="Menzies A" first="Andrew" last="Menzies">Andrew Menzies</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Rad, Roland" sort="Rad, Roland" uniqKey="Rad R" first="Roland" last="Rad">Roland Rad</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Chapman, Michael Spencer" sort="Chapman, Michael Spencer" uniqKey="Chapman M" first="Michael Spencer" last="Chapman">Michael Spencer Chapman</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Teague, Jon" sort="Teague, Jon" uniqKey="Teague J" first="Jon" last="Teague">Jon Teague</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Easton, Douglas" sort="Easton, Douglas" uniqKey="Easton D" first="Douglas" last="Easton">Douglas Easton</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Langer D, Anita" sort="Langer D, Anita" uniqKey="Langer D A" first="Anita" last="Langer D">Anita Langer D</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, O310 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, O310 Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>O310 Oslo</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Ming Ta Michael" sort="Lee, Ming Ta Michael" uniqKey="Lee M" first="Ming Ta Michael" last="Lee">Ming Ta Michael Lee</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A10">National Genotyping Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Genotyping Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Taiwan</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shen, Chen Yang" sort="Shen, Chen Yang" uniqKey="Shen C" first="Chen-Yang" last="Shen">Chen-Yang Shen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A10">National Genotyping Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Genotyping Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Taiwan</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tee, Benita Tan Kiat" sort="Tee, Benita Tan Kiat" uniqKey="Tee B" first="Benita Tan Kiat" last="Tee">Benita Tan Kiat Tee</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of General Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, 169608, Singapore</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of General Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, 169608</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>169608</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huimin, Bernice Wong" sort="Huimin, Bernice Wong" uniqKey="Huimin B" first="Bernice Wong" last="Huimin">Bernice Wong Huimin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A12">NCCS-VARI Translational Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, 169610, Singapore</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country>
<wicri:regionArea>NCCS-VARI Translational Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, 169610</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>169610</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Broeks, Annegien" sort="Broeks, Annegien" uniqKey="Broeks A" first="Annegien" last="Broeks">Annegien Broeks</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">Department Experimental Therapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department Experimental Therapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>1066 CX Amsterdam</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vargas, Ana Cristina" sort="Vargas, Ana Cristina" uniqKey="Vargas A" first="Ana Cristina" last="Vargas">Ana Cristina Vargas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A14">The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Queensland 4029</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Turashvili, Gulisa" sort="Turashvili, Gulisa" uniqKey="Turashvili G" first="Gulisa" last="Turashvili">Gulisa Turashvili</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>British Columbia V6T 2B5</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A16">Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>British Columbia V5Z 1L3</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martens, John" sort="Martens, John" uniqKey="Martens J" first="John" last="Martens">John Martens</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A17">Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center and Cancer Genomics Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center and Cancer Genomics Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>3000 CA Rotterdam</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fatima, Aquila" sort="Fatima, Aquila" uniqKey="Fatima A" first="Aquila" last="Fatima">Aquila Fatima</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02215</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Miron, Penelope" sort="Miron, Penelope" uniqKey="Miron P" first="Penelope" last="Miron">Penelope Miron</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02215</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chin, Suet Feung" sort="Chin, Suet Feung" uniqKey="Chin S" first="Suet-Feung" last="Chin">Suet-Feung Chin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A19">Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shin Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shin Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB2 0RE</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thomas, Gilles" sort="Thomas, Gilles" uniqKey="Thomas G" first="Gilles" last="Thomas">Gilles Thomas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A20">Universite Lyon 1, INCa-Synergie, Centre Leon Berard, 28 rue Laennec, Lyon CEDEX 08, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Universite Lyon 1, INCa-Synergie, Centre Leon Berard, 28 rue Laennec, Lyon CEDEX 08</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lyon CEDEX 08</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Lyon CEDEX 08</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boyault, Sandrine" sort="Boyault, Sandrine" uniqKey="Boyault S" first="Sandrine" last="Boyault">Sandrine Boyault</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A20">Universite Lyon 1, INCa-Synergie, Centre Leon Berard, 28 rue Laennec, Lyon CEDEX 08, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Universite Lyon 1, INCa-Synergie, Centre Leon Berard, 28 rue Laennec, Lyon CEDEX 08</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lyon CEDEX 08</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Lyon CEDEX 08</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mariani, Odette" sort="Mariani, Odette" uniqKey="Mariani O" first="Odette" last="Mariani">Odette Mariani</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A21">Institut Curie, Department of Tumor Biology, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris CEDEX 05, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut Curie, Department of Tumor Biology, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris CEDEX 05</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>75248 Paris CEDEX 05</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>75248 Paris CEDEX 05</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lakhani, Sunil R" sort="Lakhani, Sunil R" uniqKey="Lakhani S" first="Sunil R." last="Lakhani">Sunil R. Lakhani</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A14">The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Queensland 4029</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A22">The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Queensland 4006</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A23">Anatomical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Anatomical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Queensland 4029</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van De Vijver, Marc" sort="Van De Vijver, Marc" uniqKey="Van De Vijver M" first="Marc" last="Van De Vijver">Marc Van De Vijver</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A24">Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>1105 AZ Amsterdam</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Veer, Laura" sort="Van Veer, Laura" uniqKey="Van Veer L" first="Laura" last="Van Veer">Laura Van Veer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">Department Experimental Therapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department Experimental Therapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>1066 CX Amsterdam</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Foekens, John" sort="Foekens, John" uniqKey="Foekens J" first="John" last="Foekens">John Foekens</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A17">Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center and Cancer Genomics Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center and Cancer Genomics Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>3000 CA Rotterdam</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Desmedt, Christine" sort="Desmedt, Christine" uniqKey="Desmedt C" first="Christine" last="Desmedt">Christine Desmedt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A25">Breast Cancer Translational Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Jules Bordet Institute, Boulevard de Waterloo 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Breast Cancer Translational Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Jules Bordet Institute, Boulevard de Waterloo 121, 1000 Brussels</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Vienne (Autriche)</region>
<settlement type="city">Vienne (Autriche)</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université libre de Bruxelles</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sotiriou, Christos" sort="Sotiriou, Christos" uniqKey="Sotiriou C" first="Christos" last="Sotiriou">Christos Sotiriou</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A25">Breast Cancer Translational Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Jules Bordet Institute, Boulevard de Waterloo 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Breast Cancer Translational Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Jules Bordet Institute, Boulevard de Waterloo 121, 1000 Brussels</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Vienne (Autriche)</region>
<settlement type="city">Vienne (Autriche)</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université libre de Bruxelles</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tutt, Andrew" sort="Tutt, Andrew" uniqKey="Tutt A" first="Andrew" last="Tutt">Andrew Tutt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Research Oncology, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy’s Hospital Campus, Kings College London School of Medicine, London SE1 9RT, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Research Oncology, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy’s Hospital Campus, Kings College London School of Medicine, London SE1 9RT</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>London SE1 9RT</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Caldas, Carlos" sort="Caldas, Carlos" uniqKey="Caldas C" first="Carlos" last="Caldas">Carlos Caldas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A19">Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shin Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shin Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB2 0RE</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A26">NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 2QQ</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB2 2QQ</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reis Filho, Jorge S" sort="Reis Filho, Jorge S" uniqKey="Reis Filho J" first="Jorge S." last="Reis-Filho">Jorge S. Reis-Filho</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A27">The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>London SW3 6JB</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aparicio, Samuel A J R" sort="Aparicio, Samuel A J R" uniqKey="Aparicio S" first="Samuel A. J. R." last="Aparicio">Samuel A. J. R. Aparicio</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>British Columbia V6T 2B5</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A16">Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>British Columbia V5Z 1L3</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Salomon, Anne Vincent" sort="Salomon, Anne Vincent" uniqKey="Salomon A" first="Anne Vincent" last="Salomon">Anne Vincent Salomon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A21">Institut Curie, Department of Tumor Biology, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris CEDEX 05, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut Curie, Department of Tumor Biology, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris CEDEX 05</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>75248 Paris CEDEX 05</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>75248 Paris CEDEX 05</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A28">Institut Curie, INSERM Unit 830, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris CEDEX 05, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut Curie, INSERM Unit 830, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris CEDEX 05</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>75248 Paris CEDEX 05</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>75248 Paris CEDEX 05</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="B Rresen Dale, Anne Lise" sort="B Rresen Dale, Anne Lise" uniqKey="B Rresen Dale A" first="Anne-Lise" last="B Rresen-Dale">Anne-Lise B Rresen-Dale</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, O310 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, O310 Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>O310 Oslo</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A29">K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, O318 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, O318 Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Richardson, Andrea L" sort="Richardson, Andrea L" uniqKey="Richardson A" first="Andrea L." last="Richardson">Andrea L. Richardson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02215</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A30">Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, Massachusetts 02115</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02115</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Campbell, Peter J" sort="Campbell, Peter J" uniqKey="Campbell P" first="Peter J." last="Campbell">Peter J. Campbell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB2 0QQ</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Futreal, P Andrew" sort="Futreal, P Andrew" uniqKey="Futreal P" first="P. Andrew" last="Futreal">P. Andrew Futreal</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stratton, Michael R" sort="Stratton, Michael R" uniqKey="Stratton M" first="Michael R." last="Stratton">Michael R. Stratton</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Nik Zainal, Serena" sort="Nik Zainal, Serena" uniqKey="Nik Zainal S" first="Serena" last="Nik-Zainal">Serena Nik-Zainal</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Martin, Sancha" sort="Martin, Sancha" uniqKey="Martin S" first="Sancha" last="Martin">Sancha Martin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Varela, Ignacio" sort="Varela, Ignacio" uniqKey="Varela I" first="Ignacio" last="Varela">Ignacio Varela</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bignell, Graham R" sort="Bignell, Graham R" uniqKey="Bignell G" first="Graham R." last="Bignell">Graham R. Bignell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Yates, Lucy R" sort="Yates, Lucy R" uniqKey="Yates L" first="Lucy R." last="Yates">Lucy R. Yates</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Research Oncology, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy’s Hospital Campus, Kings College London School of Medicine, London SE1 9RT, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Clinical Oncology, Ground floor, Lambeth Wing, Guys and St Thomas’ NHS Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Oncology, Ground floor, Lambeth Wing, Guys and St Thomas’ NHS Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Beare, David" sort="Beare, David" uniqKey="Beare D" first="David" last="Beare">David Beare</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Butler, Adam" sort="Butler, Adam" uniqKey="Butler A" first="Adam" last="Butler">Adam Butler</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Cheverton, Angela" sort="Cheverton, Angela" uniqKey="Cheverton A" first="Angela" last="Cheverton">Angela Cheverton</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gamble, John" sort="Gamble, John" uniqKey="Gamble J" first="John" last="Gamble">John Gamble</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jia, Mingming" sort="Jia, Mingming" uniqKey="Jia M" first="Mingming" last="Jia">Mingming Jia</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jayakumar, Alagu" sort="Jayakumar, Alagu" uniqKey="Jayakumar A" first="Alagu" last="Jayakumar">Alagu Jayakumar</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jones, David" sort="Jones, David" uniqKey="Jones D" first="David" last="Jones">David Jones</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Latimer, Calli" sort="Latimer, Calli" uniqKey="Latimer C" first="Calli" last="Latimer">Calli Latimer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lau, King Wai" sort="Lau, King Wai" uniqKey="Lau K" first="King Wai" last="Lau">King Wai Lau</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mclaren, Stuart" sort="Mclaren, Stuart" uniqKey="Mclaren S" first="Stuart" last="Mclaren">Stuart Mclaren</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcbride, David J" sort="Mcbride, David J" uniqKey="Mcbride D" first="David J." last="Mcbride">David J. Mcbride</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Menzies, Andrew" sort="Menzies, Andrew" uniqKey="Menzies A" first="Andrew" last="Menzies">Andrew Menzies</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mudie, Laura" sort="Mudie, Laura" uniqKey="Mudie L" first="Laura" last="Mudie">Laura Mudie</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Raine, Keiran" sort="Raine, Keiran" uniqKey="Raine K" first="Keiran" last="Raine">Keiran Raine</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rad, Roland" sort="Rad, Roland" uniqKey="Rad R" first="Roland" last="Rad">Roland Rad</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chapman, Michael Spencer" sort="Chapman, Michael Spencer" uniqKey="Chapman M" first="Michael Spencer" last="Chapman">Michael Spencer Chapman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Teague, Jon" sort="Teague, Jon" uniqKey="Teague J" first="Jon" last="Teague">Jon Teague</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Easton, Douglas" sort="Easton, Douglas" uniqKey="Easton D" first="Douglas" last="Easton">Douglas Easton</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 8RN</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A8">Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 8RN</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Langer D, Anita" sort="Langer D, Anita" uniqKey="Langer D A" first="Anita" last="Langer D">Anita Langer D</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Ming Ta Michael" sort="Lee, Ming Ta Michael" uniqKey="Lee M" first="Ming Ta Michael" last="Lee">Ming Ta Michael Lee</name>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Broeks, Annegien" sort="Broeks, Annegien" uniqKey="Broeks A" first="Annegien" last="Broeks">Annegien Broeks</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">Department Experimental Therapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department Experimental Therapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>1066 CX Amsterdam</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vargas, Ana Cristina" sort="Vargas, Ana Cristina" uniqKey="Vargas A" first="Ana Cristina" last="Vargas">Ana Cristina Vargas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A14">The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Queensland 4029</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Turashvili, Gulisa" sort="Turashvili, Gulisa" uniqKey="Turashvili G" first="Gulisa" last="Turashvili">Gulisa Turashvili</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>British Columbia V6T 2B5</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A16">Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>British Columbia V5Z 1L3</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martens, John" sort="Martens, John" uniqKey="Martens J" first="John" last="Martens">John Martens</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A17">Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center and Cancer Genomics Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center and Cancer Genomics Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>3000 CA Rotterdam</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fatima, Aquila" sort="Fatima, Aquila" uniqKey="Fatima A" first="Aquila" last="Fatima">Aquila Fatima</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02215</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Miron, Penelope" sort="Miron, Penelope" uniqKey="Miron P" first="Penelope" last="Miron">Penelope Miron</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02215</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chin, Suet Feung" sort="Chin, Suet Feung" uniqKey="Chin S" first="Suet-Feung" last="Chin">Suet-Feung Chin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A19">Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shin Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shin Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB2 0RE</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thomas, Gilles" sort="Thomas, Gilles" uniqKey="Thomas G" first="Gilles" last="Thomas">Gilles Thomas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A20">Universite Lyon 1, INCa-Synergie, Centre Leon Berard, 28 rue Laennec, Lyon CEDEX 08, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Universite Lyon 1, INCa-Synergie, Centre Leon Berard, 28 rue Laennec, Lyon CEDEX 08</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lyon CEDEX 08</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Lyon CEDEX 08</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boyault, Sandrine" sort="Boyault, Sandrine" uniqKey="Boyault S" first="Sandrine" last="Boyault">Sandrine Boyault</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A20">Universite Lyon 1, INCa-Synergie, Centre Leon Berard, 28 rue Laennec, Lyon CEDEX 08, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Universite Lyon 1, INCa-Synergie, Centre Leon Berard, 28 rue Laennec, Lyon CEDEX 08</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lyon CEDEX 08</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Lyon CEDEX 08</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mariani, Odette" sort="Mariani, Odette" uniqKey="Mariani O" first="Odette" last="Mariani">Odette Mariani</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A21">Institut Curie, Department of Tumor Biology, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris CEDEX 05, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut Curie, Department of Tumor Biology, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris CEDEX 05</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>75248 Paris CEDEX 05</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>75248 Paris CEDEX 05</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lakhani, Sunil R" sort="Lakhani, Sunil R" uniqKey="Lakhani S" first="Sunil R." last="Lakhani">Sunil R. Lakhani</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A14">The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Queensland 4029</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A22">The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Queensland 4006</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A23">Anatomical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Anatomical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Queensland 4029</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van De Vijver, Marc" sort="Van De Vijver, Marc" uniqKey="Van De Vijver M" first="Marc" last="Van De Vijver">Marc Van De Vijver</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A24">Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>1105 AZ Amsterdam</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Veer, Laura" sort="Van Veer, Laura" uniqKey="Van Veer L" first="Laura" last="Van Veer">Laura Van Veer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">Department Experimental Therapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department Experimental Therapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>1066 CX Amsterdam</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Foekens, John" sort="Foekens, John" uniqKey="Foekens J" first="John" last="Foekens">John Foekens</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A17">Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center and Cancer Genomics Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center and Cancer Genomics Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>3000 CA Rotterdam</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Desmedt, Christine" sort="Desmedt, Christine" uniqKey="Desmedt C" first="Christine" last="Desmedt">Christine Desmedt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A25">Breast Cancer Translational Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Jules Bordet Institute, Boulevard de Waterloo 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Breast Cancer Translational Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Jules Bordet Institute, Boulevard de Waterloo 121, 1000 Brussels</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Vienne (Autriche)</region>
<settlement type="city">Vienne (Autriche)</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université libre de Bruxelles</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sotiriou, Christos" sort="Sotiriou, Christos" uniqKey="Sotiriou C" first="Christos" last="Sotiriou">Christos Sotiriou</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A25">Breast Cancer Translational Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Jules Bordet Institute, Boulevard de Waterloo 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Breast Cancer Translational Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Jules Bordet Institute, Boulevard de Waterloo 121, 1000 Brussels</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Vienne (Autriche)</region>
<settlement type="city">Vienne (Autriche)</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université libre de Bruxelles</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tutt, Andrew" sort="Tutt, Andrew" uniqKey="Tutt A" first="Andrew" last="Tutt">Andrew Tutt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Research Oncology, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy’s Hospital Campus, Kings College London School of Medicine, London SE1 9RT, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Research Oncology, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy’s Hospital Campus, Kings College London School of Medicine, London SE1 9RT</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>London SE1 9RT</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Caldas, Carlos" sort="Caldas, Carlos" uniqKey="Caldas C" first="Carlos" last="Caldas">Carlos Caldas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A19">Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shin Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shin Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB2 0RE</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A26">NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 2QQ</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB2 2QQ</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reis Filho, Jorge S" sort="Reis Filho, Jorge S" uniqKey="Reis Filho J" first="Jorge S." last="Reis-Filho">Jorge S. Reis-Filho</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A27">The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>London SW3 6JB</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aparicio, Samuel A J R" sort="Aparicio, Samuel A J R" uniqKey="Aparicio S" first="Samuel A. J. R." last="Aparicio">Samuel A. J. R. Aparicio</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>British Columbia V6T 2B5</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A16">Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>British Columbia V5Z 1L3</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Salomon, Anne Vincent" sort="Salomon, Anne Vincent" uniqKey="Salomon A" first="Anne Vincent" last="Salomon">Anne Vincent Salomon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A21">Institut Curie, Department of Tumor Biology, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris CEDEX 05, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut Curie, Department of Tumor Biology, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris CEDEX 05</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>75248 Paris CEDEX 05</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>75248 Paris CEDEX 05</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A28">Institut Curie, INSERM Unit 830, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris CEDEX 05, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut Curie, INSERM Unit 830, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris CEDEX 05</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>75248 Paris CEDEX 05</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>75248 Paris CEDEX 05</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="B Rresen Dale, Anne Lise" sort="B Rresen Dale, Anne Lise" uniqKey="B Rresen Dale A" first="Anne-Lise" last="B Rresen-Dale">Anne-Lise B Rresen-Dale</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, O310 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, O310 Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>O310 Oslo</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A29">K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, O318 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, O318 Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>O318 Oslo</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Richardson, Andrea L" sort="Richardson, Andrea L" uniqKey="Richardson A" first="Andrea L." last="Richardson">Andrea L. Richardson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02215</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A30">Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, Massachusetts 02115</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02115</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Campbell, Peter J" sort="Campbell, Peter J" uniqKey="Campbell P" first="Peter J." last="Campbell">Peter J. Campbell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB2 0QQ</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Futreal, P Andrew" sort="Futreal, P Andrew" uniqKey="Futreal P" first="P. Andrew" last="Futreal">P. Andrew Futreal</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stratton, Michael R" sort="Stratton, Michael R" uniqKey="Stratton M" first="Michael R." last="Stratton">Michael R. Stratton</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hinxton CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Nature</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0028-0836</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1476-4687</idno>
<imprint><date when="2012">2012</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P3">All cancers carry somatic mutations in their genomes. A subset, known as driver mutations, confer clonal selective advantage on cancer cells and are causally implicated in oncogenesis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>
</sup>
, and the remainder are passenger mutations. The driver mutations and mutational processes operative in breast cancer have not yet been comprehensively explored. Here we examine the genomes of 100 tumours for somatic copy number changes and mutations in the coding exons of protein-coding genes. The number of somatic mutations varied markedly between individual tumours. We found strong correlations between mutation number, age at which cancer was diagnosed and cancer histological grade, and observed multiple mutational signatures, including one present in about ten per cent of tumours characterized by numerous mutations of cytosine at TpC dinucleotides. Driver mutations were identified in several new cancer genes including <italic>AKT2</italic>
, <italic>ARID1B</italic>
, <italic>CASP8</italic>
, <italic>CDKN1B</italic>
, <italic>MAP3K1</italic>
, <italic>MAP3K13</italic>
, <italic>NCOR1</italic>
, <italic>SMARCD1</italic>
 and <italic>TBX3</italic>
. Among the 100 tumours, we found driver mutations in at least 40 cancer genes and 73 different combinations of mutated cancer genes. The results highlight the substantial genetic diversity underlying this common disease.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Australie</li>
<li>Belgique</li>
<li>Canada</li>
<li>France</li>
<li>Norvège</li>
<li>Pays-Bas</li>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
<li>République populaire de Chine</li>
<li>Singapour</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region><li>Angleterre</li>
<li>Angleterre de l'Est</li>
<li>Vienne (Autriche)</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Bruxelles</li>
<li>Cambridge</li>
<li>Vienne (Autriche)</li>
</settlement>
<orgName><li>Université de Cambridge</li>
<li>Université libre de Bruxelles</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Stephens, Philip J" sort="Stephens, Philip J" uniqKey="Stephens P" first="Philip J." last="Stephens">Philip J. Stephens</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Beare, David" sort="Beare, David" uniqKey="Beare D" first="David" last="Beare">David Beare</name>
<name sortKey="Bignell, Graham R" sort="Bignell, Graham R" uniqKey="Bignell G" first="Graham R." last="Bignell">Graham R. Bignell</name>
<name sortKey="Butler, Adam" sort="Butler, Adam" uniqKey="Butler A" first="Adam" last="Butler">Adam Butler</name>
<name sortKey="Caldas, Carlos" sort="Caldas, Carlos" uniqKey="Caldas C" first="Carlos" last="Caldas">Carlos Caldas</name>
<name sortKey="Caldas, Carlos" sort="Caldas, Carlos" uniqKey="Caldas C" first="Carlos" last="Caldas">Carlos Caldas</name>
<name sortKey="Campbell, Peter J" sort="Campbell, Peter J" uniqKey="Campbell P" first="Peter J." last="Campbell">Peter J. Campbell</name>
<name sortKey="Campbell, Peter J" sort="Campbell, Peter J" uniqKey="Campbell P" first="Peter J." last="Campbell">Peter J. Campbell</name>
<name sortKey="Campbell, Peter J" sort="Campbell, Peter J" uniqKey="Campbell P" first="Peter J." last="Campbell">Peter J. Campbell</name>
<name sortKey="Chapman, Michael Spencer" sort="Chapman, Michael Spencer" uniqKey="Chapman M" first="Michael Spencer" last="Chapman">Michael Spencer Chapman</name>
<name sortKey="Cheverton, Angela" sort="Cheverton, Angela" uniqKey="Cheverton A" first="Angela" last="Cheverton">Angela Cheverton</name>
<name sortKey="Chin, Suet Feung" sort="Chin, Suet Feung" uniqKey="Chin S" first="Suet-Feung" last="Chin">Suet-Feung Chin</name>
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   |texte=   The landscape of cancer genes and mutational processes in breast cancer
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Serveur d'exploration sur les relations entre la France et l'Australie

The landscape of cancer genes and mutational processes in breast cancer

The landscape of cancer genes and mutational processes in breast cancer

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Abstract

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	Serveur d'exploration sur les relations entre la France et l'Australie
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